Dry Cooling Towers

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Dry Cooling Tower is an equipment which is used to cool and maintain the temperature of process hot water at a particular level. Our designing teams are technically qualified of engineer with facility to meet various application need.

Radiator Coil Type Dry Cooling Towers
Dry Cooling Towers are nothing but extended type radiator Cooling. Dry Cooling towers functions in the combination of extended sine wave finned surface heat transfer coils, with axial flow fans. The construction is rigid and supports regular operation. The hot water sent from any equipment is passed to the dry cooling tower. The hot water is cooled and is pushed out from the cooling tower through the outlet pump. This pump is in turn connected to the concerned equipment. Thus, the heat transfer from the equipment is executed with minimum evaporation loss, maintenance cost. The cooling system eliminates the requirement of raw water tank.

Applications of Dry Cooling Tower

Dry Cooling Towers are used in,
1. Lots power plants.
2. Steel manufacturing industries.
3. Geothermal power plants.
4. Diesel Power Plants.
5. Dry Cooling Tower are used for air compressor.

Advantages of Dry Cooling Tower
1. No water consumption.
2. Used for high temperature applications.
3. A huge of water gets conserved on using dry cooling towers.
4. This cooling tower efficacy ensures minimum ecological impact.

  

Pressure Vessels

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Pressure Vessels are used in refineries, chemical plants, power plants, and other process. A pressure vessel is a container used to hold gases or liquids at different temperature from ambient pressure.

The stability of a pressure vessel is very important. Its not structurally sound may leak or even burst under pressure depending on the type of liquid or gas inside the tank,

leaks can cause poisoning, fire, or suffocation.Types of pressure vessels are, Thin- walled,  storage tanks, and transportable containers.

Thin-walled vessels -10 times or more the thickness of the wall.

Storage tanks – kind of super thin-walled vessel. Transportation vessels- are mass produced thin-walled vessels. Thick-walled vessel -diameter that is less than 10 times the thickness of the wall which is the least common type of pressure vessels.

Material used in this pressure vessels are steel, aluminium, other metals, carbon, polymers. Design and analysis of Pressure Vessels (Tall Columns, Vertical Pressure Vessels, Horizontal Pressure Vessels, Spherical Vessels, Reactors etc.) based on ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Div. – 1, Div. – 2 and Div. – 3.

Manufacturing Process

Forming-  In this process size and shapes are be changed. There are Hot, warm, cold formings are used.

Pressing- pressing the machine related to the needs.

Spinning- Shape the Heads which means the ends of the pressure vessels.

Bending- Bending or rolling process is done here.

Welding- Two or more materials are joined by melting both materials.

Post Weld Heat Treatment- To make more strong by heating the product in furnace.

Assembly- Process of joining

Painting- Protect from corrosion

Made to serve offshore: Titanium finned-tube heat exchangers

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Corrosive offshore platform, marine, and power generation applications and environments are served by newly available titanium finned-tube heat exchangers.

Especially applicable when seawater is used as the working fluids through the tubes, SRC titanium versions exchange heat between air or other gases on the fin-side and a fluid on the tube-side. Because of titanium tube strength, higher velocities for seawater inside them are allowed - as increased heat transfer rates achieved, it's declared.

All exchanger coils are custom configured to your dimensional and heat-transfer requirement. The titanium tubes are welded to headers or manifolds in an inert environment by ASME-certified welders. Tube orientation on a header can be staggered or inline to accommodate any air-side pressure drop requirements. The fins are from heavy-gage aluminum or copper. They can vary in density from 4 to 16 fins/inch. The fin-to-tube bond is strong.

Stainless Steel Grade 420J2 (UNS S42000)

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Introduction
Stainless steel grade 420J2 is inexpensive and highly corrosion resistant steel. It has good corrosion resistance in mild atmosphere as well as domestic and industrial environments. It is also resistant to dilute nitric acid, carbonic acid, ammonia, crude oil, detergent solutions, vinegar, food acids, several petroleum products, and steam.

Stainless steel grade 420J2 is known to possess good strength and reasonable impact resistant properties in hardened and tempered conditions when compared with 440 grades.

The following sections will discuss in detail about stainless steel grade 420J2.

Chemical Composition
The chemical composition of stainless steel grade 420J2 is outlined in the following table.

Element	Content (%)
Chromium, Cr	14
Nickel, Ni (optional)	1
Manganese, Mn	1
Silicon, Si	1
Phosphorus, P	0.04
Carbon, C	0.15-0.36
Sulfur, S	0.03
Iron, Fe	Balance

Other Designations
Other designations that are equivalent to stainless steel grade 420J2 include the following.
BS970 Part3 1991 420S37
BS970 Part4 1970/73 420S45
BS970 1955 EN56C
ASTM A276-98b 420
EN56D
AISI 420
JIS G4303
SUS 420 J1
SAE 51420
SUS 420 J2

Fabrication and Heat Treatment:

Machinability
Stainless steel grade 420J2 is machinable both in hardened and tempered conditions such as turning, drilling, and bending; however it is recommended that machining in hardened condition should be avoided as far as possible.

Welding
Welding of stainless steel grade 420J2 is easy. It is recommended that welding in annealed or hardened and tempered conditions should be avoided as it causes formation of brittleness, resulting in cold cracking due to contraction stresses.

Pre-heating and inter-pass temperature control during welding, followed by very slow cooling and post-weld annealing are good measures to take to prevent cracking.

Annealing
Annealing of this material can be performed by heating uniformly to 840 to 900°C and held until the temperature is uniform throughout the section. Soaking and cooling is required.

Heat Treatment
Stainless steel grade 420J2 has to be heated uniformly to 730 to 790°C and held until temperature is uniform throughout the section.

Hardening
Stainless steel grade 420J2 can be hardened by heating 950 to 1020°C and held until temperature is uniform throughout the section. This should be followed by quenching in oil or air cooling. Tempering should be done when it is slightly warm.

Applications
Stainless steel grade 420J2 is used in the following application areas:
Surgical instruments, Daggers and swords, Budget knives and diving knives, Haircutting scissors and domestic scissors

Grade T7 Tool Steel (UNS T12007)

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Introduction
Tool steels are a type of carbon and alloy steels that are used for tool manufacturing applications. They have resistance to abrasion and deformation at elevated temperatures, distinct hardness and an ability to hold a cutting edge.

AISI T7 tool steel acquires high strength, toughness and the ability to withstand vibration and shock when quenched and tempered.
The data below will provide an overview of grade T7 tool steels.

Chemical Composition
The chemical composition of T7 tool steels is outlined in the following table.

Element	Content (%)
Tungsten, W	13.5-14.5
Chromium, Cr	4.5-5
Vanadium, V	1.5-1.8
Carbon, C	≤ 0.7-0.75
Silicon, Si	≤ 0.2-0.4
Manganese, Mn	≤ 0.2-0.4

Physical Properties
The following table shows the physical properties of T7 tool steels

Properties	Metric	Imperial
Density	7.7 g/cm3	0.278 lb/in3
Melting point	1450 � 1510�C	2642 � 2750�F

Mechanical Properties
The mechanical properties of T7 tool steels are displayed in the following table

Properties	Metric	Imperial
Tensile strength	650-880 MPa	94274 -127663psi
Yield strength	350-550 MPa	50763-79770
Young�s modulus	200000 MPa	29007.5 ksi
Elongation at break	8-25%	8-25%

Thermal Properties
The thermal properties of T7 tool steels are given in the following table

Properties	Metric	Imperial
Thermal expansion co-efficient	10 µm/m°C	5.5 µin/in°F
Thermal conductivity	25 W/mK	173.3 BTU.in/hrft².°F

Applications
The following are the list of applications of T7 tool steels:
Chisels, Small pneumatic tools, Forging die, Rivets, Carpenter saws and Metal scissors.

  

Stainless Steel Grade 19-9 DL (UNS S63198)

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Introduction

Stainless steel grade 19-9 DL is a solid solution strengthened austenitic stainless steel.

This alloy is noted for its fine grain quality and stability in a wide range of temperatures. It provides good resistance to not only corrosion but also brittle failure.

The characteristics of this material are quite similar to that of stainless steel grade 316.

The following sections will discuss in detail about stainless steel grade 19-9 DL.

Chemical Composition
The chemical composition of stainless steel grade 19-9 DL is outlined in the following table.

Element	Content (%)
Chromium, Cr	18 - 20
Nickel, Ni	08-Nov
Manganese, Mn	1.5 - 0.75
Molybdenum, Mo	1 - 1.75
Tungsten	1 - 1.75
Silicon, Si	0.3 - 0.8
Carbon, C	0.28 - 0.55
Niobium (Nb) + Tantalum (Ta)	0.25 - 0.6
Titanium, Ti	0.5 max
Iron, Fe	Balance

Physical Properties
The physical properties of stainless steel grade 19-9 DL are tabulated below

Properties	Metric	Imperial
Density	8.02 g/cm3	0.29 lb/in3

Other Designations
Other designations that are equivalent to stainless steel grade 19-9 DL include the following

ASTM A477 (651)	ASTM A458 (651)	ASTM A457 (651)	ASTM A453 (651)	AMS 5579
AMS 5526	AISI 651

Fabrication and Heat Treatment

Machinability
For machining stainless steel grade 19-9 DL, slow speeds, constant feeds, and good quantity of sulfurized lubricants are required for optimum results. Tough, "gummy" chips are produced during machining which can be dealt with using chip breakers or curlers.

Heat Treatment
Being an austenitic steel, stainless steel grade 19-9 DL does not respond to heat treatment.

Welding
Stainless steel grade 19-9 DL can be easily welded using all the conventional methods. Filler metal should be of matching chemistry so as to optimize performance whenever necessary.

Annealing
Annealing can be performed by soaking at 982-1177°C (1800-2150°F), and then air cooled. For stress relieving, the material should be heated to 649°C (1200°F), and then held for 60 min and air cooled.

Forging
For forging this material, it has to be soaked completely at 1177°C (2150°F) and then air cooled. Given sufficient hammer strength, this material can be forged down to 677°C (1250°F).

Hot Working
This material can be easily forged, headed and upset.

Cold Working
This alloy can be successfully cold worked using most of the common methods. In case of severe working, the material should be stress relief annealed without delay after forming at 649-704°C (1200-1300° F).

Hardening
Stainless steel grade 19-9 DL does not respond to hardening by thermal treatment.

Applications

Stainless steel grade 19-9 DL employed in applications where resistance to intergranular corrosion is not a big concern. It is also used in numerous jet engine components such as manifolds, casings, buckets and fasteners. 

Grade H20 Tool Steel (UNS T20820)

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Introduction
The carbon content in tool steels may range from as low as 0.1% to as high as more than 1.6%, and many are alloyed with alloying elements such as vanadium, molybdenum and chromium.

The high amount of tungsten in the AISI H20 tool steel provides the maximum resistance to the softening effect of elevated temperature and offers excellent wear-resistant properties, including withstanding the washing-out effect of certain processes. The following article will provide an overview of grade H20 tool steels:

Chemical Composition
The chemical composition of H20 tool steels is outlined in the following table.

Element	Content (%)
Tungsten, W	09-Oct
Chromium, Cr	1.80-2.20
Vanadium, V	0.4-0.6
Carbon, C	0.25-0.35
Silicon, Si	0.10-0.75
Manganese, Mn	0.10-0.4

Physical Properties
The following table shows the physical properties of H20 tool steels

Properties	Metric	Imperial
Density	7.8 g/cm3	0.281 lb/in3

Mechanical Properties
The mechanical properties of H20 tool steels are displayed in the following tab

Properties	Metric	Imperial
Tensile strength	1110 MPa	160991 psi
Yield strength	800 MPa	116030 psi
Young�s modulus	180 GPa	26106 ksi
Hardness	35-42	35-42

Thermal Properties
The thermal properties of H20 tool steels are given in the following table

Properties	Metric	Imperial
Thermal expansion co-efficient	13 �m/m�C	5.956 �in/in�F
Thermal conductivity	15 W/mK	104 BTU.in/hrft�.�F

Applications
The following are the list of applications of H20 tool steels:
Extrusion dies for long production runs
Hot piercing punches
Extrusion mandrels operated without cooling
Hot forging dies and inserts
Special structural steel for springs operating at elevated temperatures. 

Stainless Steel Grade 15-5 PH (UNS S15500)

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Introduction

Stainless steel 15 - 5 PH, also known as XM-12 or UNS S15500, is a modification of 17-4 PH developed in the 1960s. It has a more refined microstructure obtained through the remelting process. This refined structure improves toughness of the material. UNS S15500 also has low temperature hardening, good fabrication properties and excellent corrosion resistance, which makes it suitable for many industries. It can be machined in the solution-annealed state or in final heat treat condition. The strength and ductility of UNS S15500 can be enhanced through heating the material at different temperatures.

UNS S15500 is a martensitic precipitation hardening type stainless steel. Martensitic stainless steels were designed to be corrosion resistant and hardened through heat treatment.

Chemical Composition
The chemical composition of Grade 15-5 PH stainless steel is outlined in the following table.

Element	Content (%)
Iron, Fe	75
Chromium, Cr	14.48
Nickel, Ni	4.5
Copper, Cu	3.5
Manganese, Mn	≤1
Silicon, Si	≤1
Nb + Ta	0.3
Carbon, C	≤0.07
Phosphorous, P	≤0.04
Sulfur, S	≤0.03

Mechanical properties
The mechanical properties of Grade 15-5 PH stainless steel are displayed in the following table

Properties	Metric	Imperial
Tensile Strength	1380 MPa	200000 psi
Yield Strength	1275 MPa	184900 psi
Modulus of Elasticity	200 GPa	29000 ksi
Elongation at Break	10%	10%
Hardness, Brinell	420	420
Hardness, Knoop	451	451
Hardness, Rockwell B	104	104
Hardness, Rockewell C	44.2	44.2
Hardness, Vickers	445	445
Charpy Impact	10 J	7.38 ft.lb

Manufacturing process
UNS S15500 can be machined under any of the attainable conditions. Firstly, the alloy is mildly formed in the overaged condition. It is then welded using welding techniques such as shielded fusion or resistance methods. The material is heat treated at 1038°C (1900°F) for 1/2 h, and then air cooled. This process is followed by hot-working the material and annealing at 1038°C (1900°F) for 1 h. Finally, the alloy can be cold-worked to improve its yield strength.

Applications
The following are some of the major applications of Grade 15-5 PH stainless steel:
Marine gas turbine compressor sections
Hallow shafts
Paper mill equipment
Engine parts
Aircraft components
Gears
Fittings and fasteners

Nuclear reactor components 

Stainless Steel Tube

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Tube is open at both ends and have hollow cross section, its length and around the larger steel, according to production methods can be divided into seamless and welded steel pipe, steel pipe size specifications with the appearance (such as the diameter or side length) and the wall thick that a wide range in size from very small diameter capillary until a few meters in diameter, large diameter pipe. Steel can be used for pipes, thermal equipment, machinery, petroleum geological exploration, container, chemical industrial and special purpose. 
Classification of Steel: Seamless and welded steel points (pipe joints) two categories. By cross-section shape can be divided into tube and shaped tubes, round steel is widely used, but there are some square, rectangular, semi-circular, hexagon, equilateral triangle, octagon and other special-shaped pipe. For the steel pipe to withstand fluid pressure test should be conducted to test the pressure of hydraulic capacity and quality, the provision does not leak under pressure, wet or expansion of qualified, some steel but also according to the requirements of the standard or demand side, curling test , flaring test, flattening tests.

Steel tube size deviations comparison between international standard

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Comparison between domestic and international size deviations

尺寸（SIZE） 标准(SPECIFICATION) 外径尺寸 SIZE 外径允许偏差  PERMISSIBLE VARIATION 外径尺寸  SIZE 壁厚允许偏差  PERMISSIBLE VARIATION 尺寸  SIZE 允许偏差  PERMISSIBLE VARIATION GB/T14975-2002 [10,30] +0.30/-0.30 S≤3 (+,-)14% [1.0,30.] +15/-0 (30,50] +0.40/-0.40 S>3 (+12%/-10% D>50 (+,-)0.9% GB/T14976-2002 [6,10] +0.20/-0.20 (0.5,1.0) (+,-)0.15 +15/-0 (10,30] +0.30/-0.30 (1.0,3) (30,50] +0.40/-0.40 S>3 (+12%/-10% D>50 (+,-)0.9% GB13296-2007 [6,30] +0.15/-0.20 D≤38 +10/-0 (30,50] +0.30/-0.30 D>38 +20/-0% D>50 (+,-)0.75% +22/-0% ASTM A213 D<25.4 +0.10/-0.10 D≤38.1 +20%/-0 D<50.8 +3/-0 [25.4,38.1] +0.15/-0.15 (38.1,50.8) +0.20/-0.20 [50.8,63.5) +0.25/-0.25 D>38.1 +20%/-0 D≥50.8 +5/-0 [63.5,76.2) +0.30/-0.30 [76.2,101.6] +0.38/-0.38 (101.6,190.5] +0.38/-0.64 (190.5,228.6] +0.38/-1.14 ASTM A269 D<12.7 +0.13/-0.13 (+,-)15% +3.2/-0 [12.7,38.1] (+,-)10% [38.1,88.9) +0.25/-0.25 +4.8/-0 [88.9,139.7) +0.38/-0.38 [139.7,203.2] +0.76/-0.76 ASTM A312 [10.29,48.26] +0.40/-0.80 10. 29～73.03? +20%-12.5% 88.90～762.00 t/D≤5%? +22%-12.5% 88.90～762.00 t/D≤5%?? +15%-12.5% >508.00 t/D焊接管式更大所有比例? +17.5%-12.5% +6/-0 (48.26,114.30] +0.08/-0.80 (114.30,219.08] +1.6/-0.80 (219.08,457.20] +2.40/-0.80 JIS G3459 D<30 +0.30/-0.30 S<2 (+,-)20 D≥30 +1%-1% S≥2 (+,-)10% JIS G3463 D<40 +0.25/-0.25 D<40:S<2 +0.40/-0 D≤50:L≤7 +7/-0 [40,50) D<50:L>7 长度每增加３M或 其零数在上面的正 允许偏差加上３mm， 最大15mm [50,60) [60,80) +0.30/-0.30 D<40:S≥2 +20%/-0 [80,100) +0.40/-0.40 [100,120) +0.40/-0.60 D>50:L≤7 +10/-0 [120,160) +0.40/-0.80 D≥40 +22%/-0 D>50:L>7 与D<50:L≥7m 内容相同 [160,200) +0.40/-0.60 D≥200 +0.40/-1.60 DIN17456 DIN17458 D2 (+,-)1.0%(+,-)0.5min T3 (+,-)10% 0.2min D≤40:L 1m D≤40:L:(1-2]m D≤40:L:(2-3]m D≤40:L:(3-4]m D≤40:L:(4-8]m +1/-0 +2/-0 D3 (+,-)0.75%(+,-)0.3min +3/-0 T4 (+,-)7.5% 0.15min +4/-0 +5/-0 D4 (+,-)5% 0.1min 40<D<168 L≤6m +5/-0 L>6m +10/-0 ASTM A511 TABLE3 D<12.7 +0.13/-0.13 (+,-)15% +3.2/-0 [12.7,38.1) (+,-)10% +4.8/-0 [38.1,88.9) +0.25/-0.25 [88.9,139.7) +0.38/-0.38 [139.7,203.2) +0.76/-0.76 [203.2,219.8) +1.14/-1.14 [219.8,323.85] +1.57/-1.57 ASTM A511 TABLE4 D≤76.2 +0.56/-0.58 S≤2.77 (+,-)16.5% +4.76/-0 2.77<S≤4.37 (+,-)15% 4.37<S≤5.16 (+,-)14% S>5.16 (+,-)12.5% (76.2,139.7] +0.79/-0.79 S≤2.77 (+,-)16.5% 2.77<S≤4.37 (+,-)15% 4.37<S≤5.16 (+,-)14% S>5.16 (+,-)12.5% (139.7,203.2] +1.19/-1.19 4.37<S≤5.16 (+,-)14% S>5.16 (+,-)12.5%